Turkey considers SCO membership
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said on September 2, 2026, that Turkey could consider becoming a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, a regional political and secu...
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan said on September 2, 2026, that Turkey could consider becoming a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, a regional political and secu...
The United States launched a new series of military strikes against Iran on September 1, 2026, marking a major escalation after several weeks of reduced direct fighting. U.S. Central Comm...
Taiwanese forces conducted a large-scale military exercise on the Penghu Islands on August 10, 2026, simulating the defense of the islands against an amphibious assault. The exercise i...
Intel announced plans on August 10, 2026, to raise approximately 15 billion dollars through the sale of additional shares as the semiconductor company continued financing its manufacturin...
Russian forces carried out missile and drone attacks on Odesa and nearby port infrastructure on August 9, 2026. Ukrainian authorities reported damage to port facilities and other infrastr...
Syria and Russia reached an agreement on August 9, 2026, restructuring Russia's presence at the Hmeimim air base and Tartous naval facility. The memorandum followed approximately 18 month...
Foreign ministers and senior officials from Pacific Islands Forum countries failed to reach agreement on August 6, 2026, on a joint statement responding to China's recent ballistic missil...
Iran warned Gulf states on August 5, 2026, that any new United States attack on Iranian territory could lead to retaliatory strikes against energy facilities and other critical infrastruc...
Ukraine's military intelligence reported on August 5, 2026, that North Korea had deployed a missile unit to Russia's Voronezh region to support Russian military operations against Ukraine...
Israeli political leaders and government officials expressed strong concerns following President Donald Trump's announcement of a new agreement with Iran intended to end hostilities and e...
Claims circulating online allege involvement of Jared Kushner and Ivanka Trump in discussions or interest related to Sazan Island, a small island located off the coast of Albania. These c...
Israel’s defense minister stated on March 30, 2026, that the military has developed plans to occupy portions of southern Lebanon. The remarks were made amid ongoing tensions along the Isr...
The United States government is reported to be considering actions related to Iran’s Kharg Island in the Persian Gulf, according to officials familiar with discussions on March 21, 2026. ...
As of March 10, 2026, Israel has launched a severe air campaign and a ground incursion into southern Lebanon following retaliatory attacks by Hezbollah. The escalation comes after tension...
Israel loses operational access to Dimona nuclear facility On March 9, 2026, Israeli authorities confirmed the temporary loss of operational access to the Dimona nuclear facility located...
Toxic rain fell over Tehran on March 8, 2026, after Israeli airstrikes hit major oil storage facilities and fuel depots around the Iranian capital. The strikes, part of ongoing military o...
As of early March 2026, the United States’ military operations against Iran have been estimated to cost approximately $891.4 million per day, based on an analysis of the first 100 hours o...
The United States and Israel launched coordinated military strikes against Iran on February 28, 2026. The operation targeted Iranian military facilities, missile capabilities, government ...
Iran Nears Deal to Acquire Chinese CM-302 Supersonic Missiles In February 2026, multiple international news outlets reported that Iran is close to finalizing an agreement to purchase **C...
Investigative reporting in early 2026 found that the FedEx shipping account of convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein, who died in August 2019, showed activity years after his death. Inve...
North Korea displays 50 new large‑calibre rocket systems ahead of party meeting On February 18, 2026, the government of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presented 50 newly produ...
On February 16, 2026, hotel magnate Thomas Pritzker announced he will retire as executive chairman of Hyatt Hotels Corporation, effective immediately, after details of his affiliation wit...
On February 12, 2026, the fragile calm along southern Lebanon’s border was shattered as extremist Israeli settlers planted olive and pine trees deep inside Lebanese territory. What may se...
Netanyahu joins Board of Peace ahead of Trump meeting in Washington On February 11, 2026, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced that Israel had formally joined the “Board o...
Netanyahu Meets Trump in Washington to Discuss Iran Talks On February 11, 2026, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with U.S. President Donald Trump in Washington, D....
China expands state control over strategic mineral exports On February 23, 2026, the Chinese Ministry of Commerce announced new regulations strengthening state oversight of exp...
European Parliament raises concerns over NATO military transparency In early February 2026, members of the European Parliament raised concerns during committee discussions rega...
Netanyahu Releases His Answers to State Comptroller’s October 7 Investigation On February 5, 2026, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu publicly released a 55-page document containi...
Expiration of the New START Nuclear Arms Control Treaty and Diplomacy with Iran On February 5, 2026, the last remaining nuclear arms control treaty between the United States and Russia, ...
Interceptions of European Satellites by Russian Spacecraft On February 5, 2026, European security officials reported that at least a dozen key European satellites had been intercepted b...
U.S. President Signals Potential Retaliatory Measures Over Canada–China Trade Deal On February 3, 2026, U.S. President Donald Trump stated that the United States would implemen...
UBS Faces Dual Financial and Political Tests in United States Swiss banking group UBS is entering a critical period involving both financial performance and political scrutiny ...
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U.S. approves 15.7 billion arms sales for Israel and Saudi Arabia amid shutdown talks On January 31, 2026, the U.S. Department of Defense and State Department approved a set of...
Iran Announces Live‑Fire Naval Drills Near U.S. Warships in Strait of Hormuz Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) announced a two‑day live‑fire naval exercise in the...
Israeli Fire in Gaza Reported to Kill 30, Injure 30 More The Gaza Health Ministry reported that Israeli military fire killed at least 30 Palestinians and injured another 30 sin...
Vietnam and EU Elevate Diplomatic Relations Amid Strategic Realignment On January 29, 2026, Vietnam and the European Union officially upgraded their diplomatic relationship, an...
Leaders at the 56th annual World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, engaged in high-level discussions on global security, economic growth, and geopolitical competition. The forum took ...
On January 25, 2026, reports stated that the United States government planned to inject $1.6 billion into USA Rare Earth, taking a 10% stake in the company, with additional private financ...
Speaking at the World Economic Forum in Davos, U.S. President Donald Trump stated that the United States would not use military force in relation to Greenland and outlined a framework for...
On January 16, 2026, analyses of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war highlighted continued Russian military operations and resistance to alternate battlefield narratives promoted by Russian so...
Board of Peace for Gaza Date: Ongoing as of January 2026 Description: The Board of Peace is a U.S.-led international body announced by President Donald Trump to oversee governance,...
Netanyahu Meets Trump in Washington Following United Nations Session Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with U.S. President Donald Trump in Washington on September 29, 2025, f...
Netanyahu Meets Trump at White House Amid Ceasefire Negotiations Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with U.S. President Donald Trump at the White House on July 7, 2025. The me...
2025 NATO Summit in The Hague Focuses on Defence Spending and Strategic Cooperation The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) held its 2025 summit in The Hague, Netherlands, on June ...
Netanyahu Meets Trump at Mar-a-Lago Following Inauguration Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu met with U.S. President Donald Trump at Mar-a-Lago in Florida on February 4, 2025. Th...
Audio recording surfaces of Ehud Barak discussing immigration policy with Jeffrey Epstein An audio recording reported to feature former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak in conversation ...
Rachel Corrie, an American activist, was killed in Rafah, Gaza Strip, while participating in a protest against the demolition of Palestinian homes. The incident occurred on March 16, 2003...
One of the clearest documented cases of Israeli intelligence activity that damaged relations with allies involves the use of forged or cloned passports belonging to citizens of friendly c...
Gilgamesh narratives resurface amid 2003 Iraq war and Euphrates region focus In April 2003, during the early phase of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, international media reporte...
The Watergate Affair: Timeline, Operatives, And Unresolved Questions On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested inside the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate compl...
During World War II (1939–1945), the Allied forces of the United States and the United Kingdom carried out a widespread strategic bombing campaign against German cities. The campaign targ...
David Ben-Gurion Controversial Statements Record On October 5, 1937, David Ben-Gurion wrote a letter to his son Amos following the Peel Commission’s proposal to partition Mandatory Pales...
David Ben-Gurion 1937 Letter Controversy On October 5, 1937, David Ben-Gurion, then head of the Jewish Agency Executive, wrote a letter to his son Amos during the period following the Br...
The imperial court transferred its seat to Milan, marking a significant shift in political power within the region. This relocation allowed closer control over northern Italian territorie...
Origins And Objectives Of The Crusades The Crusades were a series of military campaigns initiated between 1095 and 1291, primarily aimed at capturing or defending territories i...
The Khazarian Empire: History, Territory, and Conversion to Judaism The Khazar Empire was a Turkic polity that emerged in the mid-seventh century and became a major regional po...
Goguryeo successfully repelled multiple invasions launched by the Tang dynasty of China during the 7th century. The capital fortress of Pyongyang became a critical defensive stronghold ag...
Constantius Chlorus was appointed Caesar by Emperor Diocletian as part of the Tetrarchy system to stabilize and govern the Roman Empire more effectively. This appointment marked the begin...
The Battle of the Margus was a significant confrontation between Emperor Carinus and his rival, Diocletian, near the Margus River in the Roman province of Moesia Superior. This battle mar...
The Battle of the Margus was a significant confrontation during the Roman civil wars, taking place near the city of Margus in the Roman province of Moesia. The conflict was fought between...
The construction of the Aurelian Walls began in response to increasing external threats faced by Rome in the third century. These defensive walls were commissioned by Emperor Aurelian to ...
The Battle of Naissus was a significant conflict fought near the ancient city of Naissus, now known as Niš, in the Nišava District. It occurred during the crisis of the Roman Empire and i...
The Battle of Nisibis took place between the Roman forces led by Emperor Macrinus and the Parthian army. It was fought near the strategic city of Nisibis, a key stronghold controlling acc...
The Battle of Nisibis was fought near the city of Nisibis, a strategic fortress in Mesopotamia. Roman forces under Emperor Macrinus clashed with the Parthian army, resulting in a critical...
The Roman Empire undertook administrative changes in the province of Mesopotamia following its establishment as a distinct entity. These reforms aimed to consolidate control over the regi...
The Severan campaign into Parthia marked a major Roman military effort in the East following the rise of Emperor Septimius Severus. The campaign began with a series of coordinated attacks...
The Battle of Issus was fought between the forces of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus and his rival Pescennius Niger. It marked a defining moment during the Year of the Five Emperors a...
The Roman forces under the command of Lucius Verus launched a major campaign against the Parthian Empire, culminating in the capture of their capital city, Ctesiphon. This marked a signif...
The Antonine Wall, built by the Romans to mark the northernmost boundary of their empire in Britain, was abandoned in the mid-2nd century AD.The Romans retreated south to the more secure ...
Following the death of Emperor Trajan, Hadrian chose to abandon the eastern conquests achieved during Trajan's campaigns. This strategic withdrawal aimed to consolidate the Roman Empire's...
The Roman Empire, under Emperor Trajan, successfully captured the city of Ctesiphon during his campaign against the Parthian Empire. This marked a significant moment as the Romans briefly...
The Roman forces led by Emperor Trajan launched a military campaign across Mesopotamia, culminating in the siege and capture of Seleucia. This event marked a significant point in Roman-Pe...
Roman Emperor Trajan launched a military campaign into the Parthian Empire, aiming to expand Roman territory eastward. The campaign marked a major escalation of conflict between Rome and ...
Decebalus, the last king of Dacia, died following the Roman conquest led by Emperor Trajan. His death marked the end of the Dacian Wars and the incorporation of Dacia into the Roman Empir...
The First Battle of Tapae was a significant conflict between the Roman Empire and the Dacians. It took place at the mountain pass of Tapae, the gateway to the Dacian heartland.The Roman f...
Dou Xian, a general of the Eastern Han dynasty, led a decisive campaign against the Northern Xiongnu. In a series of battles, Han forces overcame the nomadic confederation, forcing them i...
The Battle of Ikh Bayan was a critical conflict between the Mongol Empire and the allied forces of the Southern Song dynasty and their allies. Fought in mid-July, the battle marked a majo...
Roman military campaigns against the Parthian Empire resumed under the rule of Emperor Nero, seeking to assert control over the eastern frontier. These efforts aimed to counter Parthian i...
The Russian Empire intensified its fortification efforts along the Amur River frontier, aiming to secure its eastern borders against potential threats. New forts were constructed to estab...
Alexander the Great Travels Through Palestine In October 332 B.C., during his campaign against the Persian Empire, Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great, passed...
6 August 2015 — Egypt inaugurates a major expansion of the Suez Canal involving a new parallel channel along part of the route and widening of existing sections. The government presents t...
2014–2026 — Egypt remains the most populous country in the Arab world and one of the principal political centers of the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Cairo dominates political an...
January–June 1919 — Allied leaders negotiate borders, reparations, military restrictions, mandates and a new international organization. Wilson's language of self-determination raises eno...
July–November 1918 — Allied forces increasingly coordinate artillery, infantry, tanks, aircraft, communications and logistics. Strategic coordination also improves under Ferdinand Foch. T...
21 March 1918 — Germany launches Operation Michael, the first of several major offensives designed to win the war in the west before American manpower becomes overwhelming. Specialized as...
6 April 1917–11 November 1918 — The United States begins converting its enormous economy and population into military power. Millions of men enter the draft system while shipping, finance...
1917–1918 — Woodrow Wilson increasingly presents American participation as part of a larger project to restructure international relations. His Fourteen Points call for diplomatic reform,...
December 1916–January 1917 — German naval and military leaders conclude that unrestricted submarine warfare may force Britain out of the war. They understand that the policy may provoke A...
August 1916–October 1918 — Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff become the dominant figures in Germany's Supreme Army Command. Their influence extends far beyond battlefield operation...
1915–1918 — Casualties, inflation and shortages turn civilian morale into a strategic issue. Governments expand propaganda, censorship, rationing and welfare programs while labor movement...
1915–1918 — Consumption of artillery shells and other matériel massively exceeds prewar assumptions. Governments intervene increasingly in factories, labor, transport and strategic materi...
July 1914 — Russian leaders view Serbia as both a political partner and a test of Russian great-power credibility in the Balkans. Previous retreats in regional crises make another diploma...
1914–1919 — The Royal Navy progressively restricts German access to food, fertilizer, metals, chemicals and overseas trade. Neutral shipping is increasingly subjected to Allied controls. ...
1914–1919 wartime role — Britain's navy protects imperial shipping routes, contains the German High Seas Fleet and implements the maritime blockade of the Central Powers. Its strategic va...
1914–1918 wartime production — British engineering and armaments company Vickers becomes an important supplier of guns, ammunition, ships and other military equipment during the war. Enor...
1912–1914 — Officials in Germany and Austria-Hungary increasingly fear that Russia and Serbia will become stronger with time. Railway construction, military reforms, population growth and...
1908–1914 — Austria-Hungary faces growing nationalist pressures in the Balkans following the Bosnian annexation crisis and Serbia's expansion during the Balkan Wars. Serbian national ambi...
1905–1914 — German military planning assumes that simultaneous war against France and Russia creates a dangerous strategic problem. Geography places Germany between both opponents. German...
1904–1914 — Britain has no automatic obligation to enter every Franco-German conflict, but strategic cooperation with France has grown while German naval expansion generates anxiety. A Ge...
1894–1914 — France and Russia are formally allied, while Britain develops strategic understandings with France and Russia. Germany remains closely aligned with Austria-Hungary. Alliances ...
1882 — British forces intervene during the Urabi Revolt and occupy Egypt. The country formally remains connected to the Ottoman Empire for decades, but British officials exercise decisive...
17 November 1869 — The Suez Canal officially opens, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas without requiring ships to sail around Africa. The canal transforms global shipping and makes...
1 July 1798 — French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte land in Egypt. The invasion aims to weaken British access to India while expanding French influence in the eastern Mediterranean. Fren...
1272 CE — Charles of Anjou establishes the Regnum Albaniae after securing support among local nobles around Durrës. Angevin power proves uneven, but the kingdom demonstrates Albania's gro...
18 October 1081 — Norman forces under Robert Guiscard defeat the Byzantine army of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos outside Dyrrhachium. The battle shows the Adriatic city's continuing strategi...
30 BCE — Octavian captures Alexandria after the deaths of Antony and Cleopatra. Egypt becomes a Roman province under unusually close imperial supervision because of its enormous agricultu...
c. 1274 BCE — Egyptian forces under Ramesses II fight the Hittite army near Kadesh in Syria. Egyptian inscriptions present the battle as a spectacular personal victory for Ramesses, altho...
19 November 1942 — Vasilevsky plays a central role in Soviet strategic planning for Operation Uranus and later major offensives. His work illustrates the increasingly professional collabo...
22 December 1941 — Roosevelt and Churchill begin the Arcadia Conference in Washington shortly after American entry into the war. Despite Pearl Harbor, the United States and Britain confir...
16 January 1942 — Roosevelt creates the War Production Board to coordinate conversion of the American economy to wartime needs. Automobile plants, steel mills, aircraft factories and ship...
28 June 1914 — Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife Sophie are assassinated during an official visit to Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb as...
31 May 1916 — Britain's Grand Fleet and Germany's High Seas Fleet clash in the North Sea in the largest naval battle of the war. Germany inflicts heavier tactical losses, but Britain reta...
5 July 1943 — Germany launches Operation Citadel against the Kursk salient. Soviet intelligence and defensive preparations create deep belts of mines, anti-tank positions and artillery. G...
4 June 1942 — American carrier forces intercept a Japanese operation aimed at Midway Atoll. U.S. cryptanalytic intelligence allows Admiral Chester Nimitz to position carriers in advance. ...
12 July 1943 — Soviet and German armored formations clash near Prokhorovka during the Battle of Kursk. The battle later acquires legendary status as an enormous tank confrontation, though...
23 August 1942 — German forces begin the major assault phase against Stalingrad after intensive Luftwaffe bombing. The city's industrial and symbolic importance combines with its strategi...
23 August 1942 — German forces begin the major assault phase against Stalingrad while the wider German campaign pushes toward oil resources in the Caucasus. Fighting inside the city becom...
24 August 1943 — Soviet armies begin a massive offensive toward the Dnieper River. German forces withdraw while attempting to create defensive positions along the river. Soviet troops est...
4 August 1914 — Britain declares war on Germany after German forces invade neutral Belgium and Berlin fails to meet the British demand for Belgian neutrality to be respected. Britain's de...
28 June 1942 — Germany launches its major summer offensive toward southern Russia and the Caucasus. Hitler seeks the oil resources of the Caucasus and control of the Volga region. German ...
March–November 1918 as Allied supreme commander — French General Ferdinand Foch receives increasingly broad authority to coordinate Allied armies during Germany's final offensives. He hel...
18 October 1936 — Hermann Göring receives sweeping authority over the Four Year Plan. The program aims to increase German self-sufficiency, expand synthetic fuel and rubber production and...
22 June 1940 — France signs an armistice with Germany after the collapse of organized resistance in much of the country. Germany occupies northern and western France while a collaboration...
2 February 1943 — The last major German formations inside Stalingrad surrender. Approximately one of Germany's most powerful field armies has been destroyed or captured. The defeat has en...
23 July 1942 — Hitler issues Directive No. 45, dividing German strategic effort between Stalingrad and the Caucasus. Securing oil becomes a central objective because Germany remains chron...
10 October 1938 — German occupation of the Sudetenland gives Berlin control of major Czech border fortifications and significant industrial territory. The Munich settlement therefore chan...
7 March 1936 — German troops enter the demilitarized Rhineland in violation of the Versailles and Locarno arrangements. Hitler's forces have orders to retreat if confronted by overwhelmin...
1 February 1917 — Germany begins unrestricted submarine attacks against shipping approaching Allied-controlled waters. German naval leaders believe U-boats can reduce British imports enou...
18 February 1943 — Joseph Goebbels delivers his Sportpalast speech after Stalingrad, calling for even greater mobilization of German society. The speech reflects growing awareness that Ge...
1915–1918 naval leadership — Admiral Henning von Holtzendorff is a powerful advocate for unrestricted submarine warfare. In late 1916 he argues that U-boats can reduce British shipping su...
4 May 1943 — German leaders debate when and whether to attack the Kursk salient. Hitler postpones the offensive partly to wait for additional Panther and Tiger tanks. The delay gives Sovi...
19 March 1945 — Hitler issues the so-called Nero Decree ordering destruction of German infrastructure that might fall into enemy hands. Albert Speer later claims he worked to prevent exte...
1939–1945 wartime role — IG Farben is one of Germany's largest chemical-industrial corporations and becomes deeply integrated into the Nazi war economy. It supplies synthetic fuel, rubber...
1939–1945 wartime role — IG Farben is one of Germany's largest chemical-industrial corporations and becomes deeply integrated into the Nazi war economy. It supplies synthetic fuel, rubber...
7 December 1941 — Japanese carrier aircraft strike the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Japan seeks to cripple American naval power long enough to seize territories containin...
Kissinger Associates was established by Henry Kissinger after his government career and provided strategic consulting and advisory services to corporate and institutional clients. It repr...
Kissinger Associates was established by Henry Kissinger after his government career and provided strategic consulting and advisory services to corporate and institutional clients. It repr...
6 November 1943 — Soviet forces recapture Kyiv from German occupation. The victory is strategically and symbolically important and accelerates the German retreat across Ukraine. The city ...
1912–1915 — Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Leopold Berchtold becomes one of the central decision-makers in the July Crisis. After Sarajevo he increasingly favors a decisive confrontati...
23 August 1939 — Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression agreement. Secret protocols divide parts of Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. For Hitler the ...
30 September 1938 — Britain, France, Germany and Italy agree that Czechoslovakia must surrender the Sudetenland to Germany. Neville Chamberlain hopes satisfying Hitler's territorial claim...
National Security Study Memorandum 200 was a U.S. government policy study concerning the implications of population growth in developing countries for U.S. security and strategic interest...
The National Security Study Memorandum 200 study was completed in December 1974. It examined population growth in developing countries and considered possible consequences for U.S. econom...
30 October 1918 — The Ottoman Empire signs the Armistice of Mudros. Ottoman military resistance effectively ends and Allied forces gain extensive rights to occupy strategic positions. The...
23 August 1944 — King Michael leads a coup that removes Ion Antonescu and ends Romania's alliance with Germany. Romania soon joins the war against the Axis. Germany loses access to a key ...
30 July 1914 — Tsar Nicholas II approves general mobilization of Russian forces after growing alarm over Austria-Hungary's attack on Serbia. Russian leaders fear that partial mobilization...
30 June 1941 — The State Defense Committee is created as the highest wartime authority coordinating Soviet military, industrial and economic mobilization. Chaired by Stalin, it concentrat...
9 August 1945 — Soviet forces launch a massive offensive against the Japanese Kwantung Army in Manchuria. The attack follows Soviet commitments made to the Western Allies and destroys Jap...
23 June 1941 — The Soviet high command structure known as Stavka is established immediately after the German invasion. It becomes the central institution coordinating fronts, strategic re...
1 January 1943 — By 1943 Allied exploitation of German encrypted communications has become an increasingly mature intelligence system. Information derived from Enigma traffic contributes ...
6 April 1917 — The United States declares war on Germany. Unrestricted submarine warfare is the immediate strategic cause, while the Zimmermann Telegram further intensifies anti-German op...
26 July 1941 — Following Japan's movement into southern French Indochina, the United States freezes Japanese assets. British and Dutch measures follow, and Japanese access to imported oil...
Untitled5 November 1937 — During the Hossbach meeting, Hitler presents territorial expansion as necessary for Germany's strategic future. Austria and Czechoslovakia are discussed as poten...
4 February 1945 — At Yalta, the Western Allies and Soviet Union remain military partners but increasingly disagree about Poland and the political future of Eastern Europe. Stalin seeks st...
30 September 1938 — Munich becomes the defining symbol of appeasement, but policymakers in 1938 face memories of World War I, doubts about military readiness, fear of strategic bombing an...
22 June 1944 — Operation Bagration provides a useful late-war anchor for investigating Germany's defeat. Trace the invasion of the Soviet Union, American entry, the Atlantic supply system...
5 December 1941 — Investigate German intelligence failures, Soviet manpower, industrial evacuation, logistics, strategic diversion, resistance, weather and the assumption that the Soviet ...