Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky (1821–1881) wrote several works in which some passages explicitly mention Jewish people. Below are exact original Russian excerpts from his writings where J...
David Ben-Gurion Controversial Statements Record On October 5, 1937, David Ben-Gurion wrote a letter to his son Amos following the Peel Commission’s proposal to partition Mandatory Pales...
David Ben-Gurion 1937 Letter Controversy On October 5, 1937, David Ben-Gurion, then head of the Jewish Agency Executive, wrote a letter to his son Amos during the period following the Br...
Baruch Levy letter to Karl Marx
The Ottoman Empire expanded from a small Anatolian principality into one of the largest empires in history. Between the fourteenth and early twentieth centuries, Ottoman forces conquered ...
During the early centuries of the Common Era, Talmudic academies in Babylonia underwent significant expansion. These centers of Jewish learning became pivotal in the development and conso...
The compilation of the Babylonian Talmud marked a significant advancement in Jewish legal and theological scholarship. Completed around the 5th century CE, this work synthesized the discu...
Syriac Christian literature experienced significant growth in Edessa, a key center of early Christian scholarship. The development of religious texts in the Syriac language allowed for th...
1250–1517 CE — Military elites known as Mamluks seize political control and establish a powerful sultanate centered on Cairo. They defeat Mongol forces at Ain Jalut and ultimately elimina...
970–972 CE — The Fatimids establish the mosque and teaching institution that develops into al-Azhar. Over the centuries it becomes one of the most influential centers of Sunni Islamic sch...
331 BCE — Alexander establishes Alexandria on Egypt's Mediterranean coast. Under his successors, the city becomes one of the greatest centers of trade and scholarship in the ancient world...