Roman Withdrawal from Antonine Wall
The Antonine Wall, built by the Romans to mark the northernmost boundary of their empire in Britain, was abandoned in the mid-2nd century AD.The Romans retreated south...
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Hadrian Withdraws From Eastern Territories
Following the death of Emperor Trajan, Hadrian chose to abandon the eastern conquests achieved during Trajan's campaigns. This strategic withdrawal aimed to consolidat...
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Crucifixion of Jesus Christ
Jesus of Nazareth was executed by crucifixion under Roman governor Pontius Pilate in Jerusalem, during the period of Roman occupation of Judea. The event is documented...
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Egyptian Revolution of 2011
25 January–11 February 2011 — Mass demonstrations erupt against police brutality, corruption, economic frustration and authoritarian government. Cairo's Tahrir Square ...
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Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty
26 March 1979 — Egypt and Israel sign a formal peace treaty in Washington. Israel agrees to withdraw from Sinai, which is gradually returned to Egyptian control. Egypt...
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Albania Leaves the Warsaw Pact
13 September 1968 — Albania formally withdraws from the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact following the invasion of Czechoslovakia. The withdrawal confirms Albania's political ru...
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United Arab Republic
1958–1961 — Egypt and Syria unite as the United Arab Republic under Nasser. The union represents the high point of pan-Arab political enthusiasm. Syrian dissatisfactio...
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The Suez Crisis
26 July–7 November 1956 — Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal Company after Western governments withdraw support for the Aswan High Dam. Britain, France and Israel secr...
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Communists Take Control
29 November 1944 — German forces have withdrawn and the communist-led National Liberation Movement controls the country. Rival political organizations are rapidly excl...
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Vlora War
June–September 1920 — Albanian fighters challenge Italian forces occupying the Vlorë region. The conflict contributes to an agreement under which Italy withdraws from ...
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Germany Faces a Closing Window for Victory
January–March 1918 — Russia's withdrawal gives Germany a temporary manpower advantage in the west, but American troops are arriving rapidly. Hindenburg and Ludendorff ...
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First Battle of the Marne
6 September 1914 — French and British forces begin the counteroffensive known as the First Battle of the Marne. The German advance toward Paris is halted and German ar...
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Royal Navy and Admiralty
1914–1919 wartime role — Britain's navy protects imperial shipping routes, contains the German High Seas Fleet and implements the maritime blockade of the Central Powe...
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League of Prizren
10 June 1878 — Albanian political and religious leaders gather in Prizren as the Ottoman Empire faces defeat and territorial losses following the Russo-Turkish War. Th...
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Assyria Invades Egypt
671 BCE — Assyrian king Esarhaddon invades Egypt and captures Memphis. Further campaigns follow as Assyria struggles against Kushite attempts to regain authority. Egyp...
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American Submarines Strangle Japanese Shipping
1 January 1944 — By 1944 American submarines are destroying Japanese merchant shipping at a rate Japan cannot replace. Oil, food, raw materials and military supplies b...
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Battle of Stalingrad Begins
23 August 1942 — German forces begin the major assault phase against Stalingrad while the wider German campaign pushes toward oil resources in the Caucasus. Fighting i...
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Battle of the Dnieper
24 August 1943 — Soviet armies begin a massive offensive toward the Dnieper River. German forces withdraw while attempting to create defensive positions along the rive...
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Britain and France Declare War
3 September 1939 — Britain and France declare war on Germany after Hitler refuses demands to withdraw from Poland. Governments that spent much of the 1930s attempting ...
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Germany Invades Poland
1 September 1939 — German forces invade Poland from the west, north and south, beginning the European phase of the Second World War. The attack follows months of escal...
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Germany Leaves the League of Nations
14 October 1933 — Hitler announces Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. The move rejects an important part of the dipl...
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Hitler Refuses Withdrawal From Stalingrad
24 November 1942 — Hitler orders the Sixth Army to remain inside the Stalingrad pocket rather than attempt an immediate breakout. He expects outside relief and air sup...
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Lend-Lease Becomes Law
11 March 1941 — Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act, allowing the United States to supply countries considered vital to American security. Britain becomes an early majo...
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Soviet Leadership Reframes the Conflict as a Patriotic War
3 July 1941 — Stalin addresses the Soviet population and invokes defense of the motherland as well as socialist ideology. Soviet propaganda increasingly draws upon Rus...
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Vladimir Lenin
1917–1918 wartime revolutionary leadership — Lenin returns to Russia after the February Revolution and argues for transfer of power to the soviets, withdrawal from the...
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Who Was Responsible for the Stalingrad Disaster?
2 February 1943 — Investigate Hitler's refusal to withdraw, Paulus's obedience, overextended German logistics, the weakness of Axis flanks, Soviet planning, intelligen...
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