Conclusion of the Bar Kokhba Revolt
The Bar Kokhba revolt, a major Jewish uprising against Roman rule, ended with the fall of the fortress of Betar. The Roman forces besieged and destroyed the stronghold...
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61 research items
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September 2, 2026
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Transition to Imperial Stability
After the murder of Emperor Domitian, the Roman Senate appointed Nerva as emperor, marking a shift from autocratic rule to a more stabilizing governance. Nerva, previo...
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NSDM 314
National Security Decision Memorandum 314 concerned U.S. population policy following the NSSM 200 study. President Gerald Ford approved the associated policy decision ...
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Gerald Ford
38th president of the United States. Ford succeeded Nixon in 1974 and subsequently approved a National Security Decision Memorandum concerning population policy.
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Anwar Sadat
1970–1981 — Anwar Sadat succeeds Nasser and gradually redirects Egyptian foreign and economic policy. He reduces Soviet influence, encourages economic liberalization a...
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Six-Day War
5–10 June 1967 — Israel defeats Egypt, Jordan and Syria in a brief but transformative war. Egyptian forces lose the Sinai Peninsula, and the scale of the defeat deeply...
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Berlin Gambles That Britain Can Be Defeated Before America Matters
December 1916–January 1917 — German naval and military leaders conclude that unrestricted submarine warfare may force Britain out of the war. They understand that the ...
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Hindenburg–Ludendorff Military Leadership
August 1916–October 1918 — Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff become the dominant figures in Germany's Supreme Army Command. Their influence extends far beyond b...
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Adolf Hitler
30 January 1933–30 April 1945 — Hitler rules Germany as dictator and becomes the central political authority behind Nazi expansion, racial policy and the decision to l...
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Adolf Hitler
30 January 1933–30 April 1945 — Hitler rules Germany as dictator and becomes the central political authority behind Nazi expansion, racial policy and the decision to l...
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Adolf Hitler
30 January 1933–30 April 1945 — Hitler rules Germany as dictator and becomes the central political authority behind Nazi expansion, racial policy and the decision to l...
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Allies Announce Unconditional Surrender Policy
24 January 1943 — At the Casablanca Conference, Roosevelt publicly declares that the Allies will seek the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. The policy is int...
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Babi Yar Massacre Begins
29 September 1941 — German SS, police and associated units murder tens of thousands of Jews in the Babi Yar ravine near Kyiv over two days. The massacre becomes one of...
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Britain Abandons Further Territorial Concessions
31 March 1939 — The British guarantee to Poland marks a major shift in policy after the occupation of Prague. Britain is no longer signaling willingness to negotiate e...
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CFR Foreign-Policy Forum
The Council on Foreign Relations provided a continuing institutional forum where scholars, government officials, business leaders and other participants discussed inte...
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David Rockefeller leads Council on Foreign Relations
David Rockefeller became a major institutional leader within the Council on Foreign Relations and later served as its chairman. His role placed him within the same for...
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David Rockefeller — Trilateral Leadership
David Rockefeller was a principal founder of the Trilateral Commission and subsequently held a senior leadership position within its North American group. His role pro...
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Four Year Plan Prepares Germany for War
18 October 1936 — Hermann Göring receives sweeping authority over the Four Year Plan. The program aims to increase German self-sufficiency, expand synthetic fuel and r...
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German Food Policy Anticipates Mass Starvation
23 May 1941 — German economic planners develop guidelines that assume food from occupied Soviet territories will be redirected toward Germany and the Wehrmacht. Offici...
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German Rearmament Becomes Open Policy
16 March 1935 — Hitler announces conscription and expansion of Germany's armed forces in open violation of Versailles restrictions. Germany has already been rearming s...
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Germany Joins the League of Nations
8 September 1926 — Germany enters the League of Nations as a permanent Council member. The move symbolizes the diplomatic normalization associated with Gustav Stresema...
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Germany Leaves the League of Nations
14 October 1933 — Hitler announces Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. The move rejects an important part of the dipl...
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Germany Occupies Prague
15 March 1939 — German forces occupy Prague and dismantle what remains of Czechoslovakia. The move is politically important because it extends Nazi domination over ter...
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Germany Occupies Prague
15 March 1939 — German forces occupy Prague and dismantle what remains of Czechoslovakia. Bohemia and Moravia become a German protectorate while Slovakia becomes forma...
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Germany Resumes Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
1 February 1917 — Germany begins unrestricted submarine attacks against shipping approaching Allied-controlled waters. German naval leaders believe U-boats can reduce ...
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Heinrich Himmler
17 June 1936 — Himmler becomes Chief of German Police in addition to leading the SS, giving him extraordinary authority over policing, surveillance and racial policy. ...
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