Srebrenica Genocide
Srebrenica Genocide On July 11, 1995, Bosnian Serb forces captured the town of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia, a United Nations-declared “safe area.” The town was predo...
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Bosnian Genocide
Bosnian Genocide On July 11, 1995, Bosnian Serb forces captured the town of Srebrenica in eastern Bosnia during the Bosnian War. The town had been declared a United N...
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Rwandan Genocide
Rwandan Genocide On April 7, 1994, following the assassination of Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana, widespread violence erupted against the Tutsi population in R...
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Lazar Kaganovich Dies at Age 97
Lazar Kaganovich (1893–1991), a Soviet politician and close associate of Joseph Stalin, died on July 25, 1991. Born to a Jewish family in Ukraine, Kaganovich held seve...
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The Isaaq Genocide Overview
The Isaaq genocide refers to systematic killings and targeted repression of the Isaaq clan in northern Somalia during the late 1980s.This campaign was primarily conduc...
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Anfal Genocide
Anfal Genocide On February 23, 1988, the Iraqi government launched the Anfal campaign against Kurdish populations in northern Iraq during the final phase of the Iran–...
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Hannibal Directive. Israeli military procedure and revocation
Hannibal Directive. Israeli military procedure and revocation The Hannibal Directive was a reported operational procedure of the Israel Defense Forces...
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Israel’s National Skin Bank and Controversy Over Organ Sourcing
Israel’s National Skin Bank and Controversy Over Organ Sourcing The Israel National Skin Bank (INSB) was established in 1986 jointly by the Israel Defense Forces Medi...
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Sabra and Shatila Massacre Overview
The Sabra and Shatila massacre took place between September 16 and 18, 1982, in the Sabra neighborhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon. The ma...
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Guatemalan Maya Genocide
Guatemalan Maya Genocide On March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt seized power in Guatemala through a military coup during the Guatemalan Civil War. His governmen...
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Hama Massacre Overview and Impact
The Hama Massacre occurred in February 1982 when Syrian government forces launched a military assault on the city of Hama to suppress an uprising by the Muslim Brother...
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East Timor Genocide
East Timor Genocide On December 7, 1975, Indonesia launched a military invasion of East Timor following its declaration of independence from Portugal. The Indonesian ...
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Overview of 1972 Burundi Genocide
The Burundi Genocide of 1972 was a mass killing event targeting primarily the Hutu ethnic group by the Tutsi-dominated government.The violence began in April 1972 foll...
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My Lai Massacre
On March 16, 1968, U.S. Army soldiers from Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade, Americal Division, carried out a mass killing of Vietn...
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Escalation of Israeli Settler Violence in the Occupied West Bank
Background and Long‑Term Pattern Violence by Israeli settlers against Palestinian civilians in the occupied West Bank has been tracked since at least 2006, with thous...
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USS Liberty Incident
On June 8, 1967, during the Six-Day War, the United States Navy technical research ship USS Liberty (AGTR-5) was attacked in international waters of the eastern Medite...
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Israel Launches Preemptive Strikes, Beginning the Six-Day War
Event Overview On June 5, 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched coordinated air strikes against Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, marking the beginning of the Six-Da...
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Assassination of John F. Kennedy
The assassination of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, occurred on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot while riding i...
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a prolonged armed conflict fought primarily between North Vietnam, led by the Communist Party under Ho Chi Minh, and South Vietnam, supported by th...
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There's a Mass Palestinian Grave at a Popular Israeli Beach, Veterans Confess
1948 Tantura Killings The events at the Palestinian village of Tantura occurred during the **1948 Palestine war**, when forces of the Haganah, specifically ...
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Operation Cast Thy Bread: Poisoning of Palestinian Wells
Operation Cast Thy Bread: Poisoning of Palestinian Wells In April 1948, during the Arab–Israeli War following the end of the British Mandate for Palestine, personnel ...
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Nakba (Palestinian Catastrophe)
The Nakba refers to the mass displacement and dispossession of Palestinians that occurred between 1947 and 1949 during the collapse of the British Mandate for Palestin...
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Allied Bombing of German Cities in World War II and Its Impact on Civilians and Infrastructure
During World War II (1939–1945), the Allied forces of the United States and the United Kingdom carried out a widespread strategic bombing campaign against German citie...
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Typhus and Mortality in Nazi Concentration Camps
Typhus and Mortality in Nazi Concentration Camps Historical records from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Nazi documentation, and post-w...
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Mubarak Resigns
11 February 2011 — Vice President Omar Suleiman announces that Hosni Mubarak has stepped down and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. Cel...
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Egyptian Revolution of 2011
25 January–11 February 2011 — Mass demonstrations erupt against police brutality, corruption, economic frustration and authoritarian government. Cairo's Tahrir Square ...
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The 1997 Pyramid-Scheme Crisis
January–August 1997 — The collapse of enormous fraudulent investment schemes wipes out the savings of hundreds of thousands of Albanians. Armed rebellion spreads, mili...
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Untitled
Untitled1990s–present — The collapse of communist controls produces large migration flows toward Italy, Greece, Germany, the United States and elsewhere. Emigration be...
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October War
6–25 October 1973 — Egyptian and Syrian forces launch a surprise attack against Israeli positions. Egyptian troops successfully cross the Suez Canal and penetrate the ...
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Six-Day War
5–10 June 1967 — Israel defeats Egypt, Jordan and Syria in a brief but transformative war. Egyptian forces lose the Sinai Peninsula, and the scale of the defeat deeply...
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The Suez Crisis
26 July–7 November 1956 — Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal Company after Western governments withdraw support for the Aswan High Dam. Britain, France and Israel secr...
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Communists Take Control
29 November 1944 — German forces have withdrawn and the communist-led National Liberation Movement controls the country. Rival political organizations are rapidly excl...
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Resistance and Civil Conflict
1942–1944 — Communist-led partisans, Balli Kombëtar and other nationalist forces resist Italian and later German occupation. Rival resistance movements also fight one ...
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Fascist Italy Invades Albania
7 April 1939 — Italian forces invade Albania after King Zog rejects Mussolini's demands for greater Italian control. Zog flees the country and Albania is incorporated ...
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Vlora War
June–September 1920 — Albanian fighters challenge Italian forces occupying the Vlorë region. The conflict contributes to an agreement under which Italy withdraws from ...
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Egyptian Revolution of 1919
March–April 1919 — Mass demonstrations, strikes and civil unrest erupt after British authorities exile nationalist leader Saad Zaghloul and other members of the Wafd m...
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Victors Convert Military Victory Into a Political Settlement
January–June 1919 — Allied leaders negotiate borders, reparations, military restrictions, mandates and a new international organization. Wilson's language of self-dete...
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Allies Refine Combined-Arms Warfare
July–November 1918 — Allied forces increasingly coordinate artillery, infantry, tanks, aircraft, communications and logistics. Strategic coordination also improves und...
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Germany Refines Infiltration Tactics
1917–1918 — German forces develop increasingly sophisticated methods based on short intense bombardments, assault detachments and infiltration around strongpoints. The...
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Germany Transfers Forces From East to West
Late 1917–March 1918 — The collapse of Russian resistance allows Germany to move divisions from the Eastern Front toward France and Belgium. German commanders understa...
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Berlin Gambles That Britain Can Be Defeated Before America Matters
December 1916–January 1917 — German naval and military leaders conclude that unrestricted submarine warfare may force Britain out of the war. They understand that the ...
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Battle of the Somme Begins
1 July 1916 — British and French forces open the Somme offensive after an enormous artillery preparation. The first day becomes the bloodiest single day in British mil...
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Brusilov Offensive Begins
4 June 1916 — Russian General Aleksei Brusilov launches a major offensive against Austria-Hungary. Innovative preparation and attacks across a broad front produce spec...
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Battle of Verdun Begins
21 February 1916 — Germany launches a major offensive against the fortified Verdun region. French forces commit enormous manpower and artillery to prevent the fortress...
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Gallipoli Campaign Begins
19 February 1915 — British and French naval forces begin major operations against the Ottoman defenses of the Dardanelles. The Allies hope to force the straits, threat...
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First Battle of the Marne
6 September 1914 — French and British forces begin the counteroffensive known as the First Battle of the Marne. The German advance toward Paris is halted and German ar...
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Germany Executes Its Western War Plan
August–September 1914 — Germany concentrates major forces against France and advances through Belgium. The operational scheme derives from years of German planning ass...
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Albania Fragmented During World War I
1914–1918 — Austro-Hungarian, Italian, French, Serbian and other forces occupy different parts of Albania. The country largely loses unified central government during ...
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