Anfal Genocide
Anfal Genocide On February 23, 1988, the Iraqi government launched the Anfal campaign against Kurdish populations in northern Iraq during the final phase of the Iran–...
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Guatemalan Maya Genocide
Guatemalan Maya Genocide On March 23, 1982, General Efraín Ríos Montt seized power in Guatemala through a military coup during the Guatemalan Civil War. His governmen...
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East Timor Genocide
East Timor Genocide On December 7, 1975, Indonesia launched a military invasion of East Timor following its declaration of independence from Portugal. The Indonesian ...
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The Watergate Affair: Timeline, Operatives, And Unresolved Questions
The Watergate Affair: Timeline, Operatives, And Unresolved Questions On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested inside the Democratic National Committee headquarters at...
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The Watergate Scandal From Break-In To Presidential Resignation
The Watergate Scandal From Break-In To Presidential Resignation On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee headquart...
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1972 Oval Office Conversation Between Richard Nixon And Billy Graham
1972 Oval Office Conversation Between Richard Nixon And Billy Graham Contains Anti-Jewish Remarks On February 1, 1972, President Richard Nixon met with evangelist Bil...
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Bangladesh Genocide
Bangladesh Genocide On March 25, 1971, the Pakistan Army launched Operation Searchlight in Dhaka and other major cities of East Pakistan, targeting Bengali nationalis...
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a prolonged armed conflict fought primarily between North Vietnam, led by the Communist Party under Ho Chi Minh, and South Vietnam, supported by th...
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Allied Bombing of German Cities in World War II and Its Impact on Civilians and Infrastructure
During World War II (1939–1945), the Allied forces of the United States and the United Kingdom carried out a widespread strategic bombing campaign against German citie...
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Arab Revolt in Palestine (1936–1939)
The Arab Revolt in Palestine was a nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs against British colonial rule and mass Jewish immigration under the British Mandate, which...
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Simele Massacre
Simele Massacre On August 7, 1933, units of the Iraqi Army entered the town of Simele in northern Iraq during a military campaign targeting Assyrian communities. Tens...
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Bolshevik Policies Cause Mass Famine Across Soviet Union Including The Holodomor
Soviet-Era Famines Under Bolshevik Rule Between 1930 and 1933, a series of mass famines occurred across the Soviet Union following Bolshevik policies of for...
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Pontic Greek Genocide
Pontic Greek Genocide On May 19, 1919, military operations intensified against Greek communities in the Pontus region along the Black Sea coast of the Ottoman Empire....
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Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide On April 24, 1915, Ottoman authorities arrested hundreds of Armenian intellectuals and community leaders in Constantinople. The arrests marked the b...
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Assyrian Genocide
Assyrian Genocide On January 1, 1915, systematic attacks against Assyrian communities began in the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Assyria...
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Herero and Nama Genocide
Herero And Nama Genocide On January 12, 1904, members of the Herero community initiated an armed uprising against German colonial authorities in German South West Afr...
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Selk'nam Genocide in Patagonia
The Selk'nam genocide refers to the systematic extermination of the Selk'nam people, indigenous inhabitants of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in Patagonia, during th...
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California Native American Genocide History
The California Native American genocide refers to the systematic destruction and mass killing of Indigenous peoples in California during the mid-19th century, primaril...
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Tasmanian Aboriginal Genocide Overview
The Tasmanian Aboriginal Genocide refers to the systematic extermination and dispossession of the indigenous Tasmanian population by British colonists during the early...
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Simon Bolivar’s Campaigns
Simon Bolivar led liberation movements across South America, achieving independence for multiple countries and spreading republican ideals inspired by Enlightenment th...
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Overview of the Vendée Massacres
The Vendée Massacres occurred during the War in the Vendée, a counter-revolutionary uprising in western France from 1793 to 1796. The conflict was marked by violent cl...
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Dzungar Genocide Historical Overview
The Dzungar Genocide refers to the systematic destruction of the Dzungar people by the Qing dynasty during the mid-18th century.Between 1755 and 1758, the Qing governm...
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Barbary Pirates Kidnap Europeans For Slavery In North Africa And Ottoman Territories
European Captives Sold Into Slavery By Barbary Pirates From the 16th to the 19th centuries, Barbary pirates operating from North Africa — including present-da...
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Ottoman expansion and conquest
The Ottoman Empire expanded from a small Anatolian principality into one of the largest empires in history. Between the fourteenth and early twentieth centuries, Ottom...
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Religion Is Suppressed
1967 — The communist government launches an aggressive campaign against organized religion. Mosques, churches and monasteries are closed or converted to other uses, an...
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U-Boats Attack Britain's Atlantic Lifeline
1 February 1917–11 November 1918 — German submarines attack merchant shipping in an attempt to reduce British imports below sustainable levels. Early shipping losses a...
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Battle of the Somme Begins
1 July 1916 — British and French forces open the Somme offensive after an enormous artillery preparation. The first day becomes the bloodiest single day in British mil...
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Gallipoli Campaign Begins
19 February 1915 — British and French naval forces begin major operations against the Ottoman defenses of the Dardanelles. The Allies hope to force the straits, threat...
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What Did Skanderbeg's Resistance Change?
1443–1479 — Investigate Skanderbeg's military campaigns, the League of Lezhë, European diplomacy and how later generations transformed him into a national symbol.
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Rome Defeats Gentius
168 BCE — Roman forces defeat King Gentius near Scodra after a short campaign. His capture effectively ends the last major independent Illyrian monarchy in the region....
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Alexander the Great Enters Egypt
332 BCE — Alexander enters Egypt during his campaign against the Persian Empire and is welcomed as its new ruler. He participates in Egyptian royal and religious tradi...
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Alexander's Conquests
334–323 BCE — Alexander destroys the Persian Empire and campaigns as far as northwestern India.
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Assyria Invades Egypt
671 BCE — Assyrian king Esarhaddon invades Egypt and captures Memphis. Further campaigns follow as Assyria struggles against Kushite attempts to regain authority. Egyp...
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Ramesses II
1279–1213 BCE — Ramesses II rules for more than six decades and becomes one of Egypt's most prolific builders. His monuments appear throughout Egypt and Nubia, includi...
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Battle of Megiddo
c. 1457 BCE — Thutmose III defeats a coalition of Levantine rulers near Megiddo. Egyptian inscriptions provide one of history's earliest detailed military campaign nar...
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Thutmose III
c. 1479–1425 BCE — Thutmose III initially shares the throne during Hatshepsut's rule and later becomes one of Egypt's most successful military pharaohs. Repeated campa...
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Ahmose I
c. 1550–1525 BCE — Ahmose I completes the Theban war against the Hyksos and captures their capital at Avaris. His campaigns reunify Egypt and extend Egyptian power int...
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The New Kingdom
c. 1550–1070 BCE — Egypt becomes one of the great imperial powers of the Late Bronze Age. Pharaohs campaign into Nubia and the Levant while wealth flows into enormous ...
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How Was Egypt Actually Unified?
c. 3300–3000 BCE — Later royal ideology presents unification as a foundational act, but archaeology points toward a longer process of competition, alliance and conques...
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Allies Invade Sicily
10 July 1943 — Allied armies land on Sicily in Operation Husky after victory in North Africa. The invasion places direct military pressure on Fascist Italy and demonst...
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Allies Target German Oil Production
12 May 1944 — American bombers begin a major concentrated campaign against German synthetic fuel plants and oil infrastructure. Germany relies heavily on synthetic fue...
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American Submarines Strangle Japanese Shipping
1 January 1944 — By 1944 American submarines are destroying Japanese merchant shipping at a rate Japan cannot replace. Oil, food, raw materials and military supplies b...
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Battle of Britain Begins
10 July 1940 — The Luftwaffe begins the sustained air campaign conventionally identified as the Battle of Britain. Germany seeks air superiority as a prerequisite for ...
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Battle of Stalingrad Begins
23 August 1942 — German forces begin the major assault phase against Stalingrad while the wider German campaign pushes toward oil resources in the Caucasus. Fighting i...
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Commissar Order
6 June 1941 — The German High Command issues the Commissar Order before the invasion. Political commissars captured with Soviet forces are to be separated and killed r...
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East Prussian Offensive
13 January 1945 — Soviet armies launch major operations into East Prussia. German civilians flee westward amid combat, fear of Soviet forces and collapsing evacuation ...
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Franz Halder
22 June 1941 — As Chief of the Army General Staff, Halder helps direct Germany's opening eastern campaign. His diary records both military planning and the rapid reali...
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Germany Attacks Western Europe
10 May 1940 — Germany invades the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France. Allied armies move north into Belgium expecting the principal German attack there. Inste...
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